Peterson, R. G., Stramma, Lothar and Kortum, Gerhard (1996) Early concepts and charts of ocean circulation. Progress in Oceanography, 37 (1). pp. 1-115. DOI 10.1016/S0079-6611(96)80002-4.

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Abstract

Charts of ocean currents from the late nineteenth century show that already by then the patterns of surface circulation in regions away from polar latitudes were well understood. This fundamental knowledge accumulated gradually through centuries of sea travel and had reached a state of near correctness by the time dedicated research cruises, full-depth measurements and the practical application of the dynamical method were being instituted. Perhaps because of the foregoing, many of the pioneering works, critical to establishing what the upper-level circulation is like, the majority of the charts accompanying them, and several of the groundbreaking theoretical treatments on the physics of currents, are only poorly known to present-day oceanographers.

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