Greinert, Jens and Nützel, B. (2004) Hydroacoustic experiments to establish a method for the determination of bubble fluxes at cold seeps. Geo-Marine Letters, 24 (2). pp. 75-85. DOI 10.1007/s00367-003-0165-7.

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Abstract

Hydroacoustic methods are particularly suitable
for investigations of the occurrence, cyclicity and
amount of bubbles released at cold seeps without disturbing
them. Experiments with a horizontally looking
single beam transducer (40 and 300 kHz) directed towards
artificially produced bubbles show that the
backscattering strength of the bubbles increases with the
gas flux rate independently of the bubble radii distribution.
It is demonstrated that an acoustic system can be
calibrated in such a way that gas flux rates of bubble-size
spectra, as observed at natural seeps, can be directly
related to the echo level of a known, acoustically insonified
volume. No system-specific parameters have to
be known except the beam width.

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