Eberhard, J., Grote, K., Luchtefeld, M., Heuer, W., Schuett, H., Divchev, D., Scherer, R., Schmitz, Ruth A., Langfeldt, D., Stumpp, N., Staufenbiel, I., Schieffer, B. and Stiesch, M. (2013) Experimental Gingivitis Induces Systemic Inflammatory Markers in Young Healthy Individuals: A Single-Subject Interventional Study. PLoS ONE, 8 (2). DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0055265.

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Abstract

Objectives
We here investigated whether experimental gingivitis enhances systemic markers of inflammation which are also known as surrogate markers of atherosclerotic plaque development.
Background
Gingivitis is a low-level oral infection induced by bacterial deposits with a high prevalence within Western populations. A potential link between the more severe oral disease periodontitis and cardiovascular disease has already been shown.
Methods
37 non-smoking young volunteers with no inflammatory disease or any cardiovascular risk factors participated in this single-subject interventional study with an intra-individual control. Intentionally experimental oral inflammation was induced by the interruption of oral hygiene for 21 days, followed by a 21-days resolving phase after reinitiation of oral hygiene. Primary outcome measures at baseline, day 21 and 42 were concentrations of hsCRP, IL-6, and MCP-1, as well as adhesion capacity and oxLDL uptake of isolated blood monocytes.
Results
The partial cessation of oral hygiene procedures was followed by the significant increase of gingival bleeding (34.0%, P<0.0001). This local inflammation was associated with a systemic increase in hsCRP (0.24 mg/L, P = 0.038), IL-6 (12.52 ng/L, P = 0.0002) and MCP-1 (9.10 ng/l, P = 0.124) in peripheral blood samples between baseline and day 21, which decreased at day 42. Monocytes showed an enhanced adherence to endothelial cells and increased foam cell formation after oxLDL uptake (P<0.050) at day 21 of gingivitis.
Conclusions
Bacterial-induced gingival low-level inflammation induced a systemic increase in inflammatory markers. Dental hygiene almost completely reversed this experimental inflammatory process, suggesting that appropriate dental prophylaxis may also limit systemic markers of inflammation in subjects with natural gingivitis.

Document Type:	Article
Additional Information:	Times Cited: 0 Eberhard, Joerg Grote, Karsten Luchtefeld, Maren Heuer, Wieland Schuett, Harald Divchev, Dimitar Scherer, Ralph Schmitz-Streit, Ruth Langfeldt, Daniela Stumpp, Nico Staufenbiel, Ingmar Schieffer, Bernhard Stiesch, Meike
Keywords:	Inflammatory diseases Inflammation Monocytes Teeth Oral medicine Periodontitis Atherosclerosis Macrophages
Research affiliation:	OceanRep > The Future Ocean - Cluster of Excellence > FO-R08 Kiel University > Kiel Marine Science OceanRep > The Future Ocean - Cluster of Excellence Kiel University
Refereed:	Yes
Open Access Journal?:	Yes
Publisher:	Public Library of Science
Projects:	Future Ocean
Date Deposited:	08 Jul 2014 09:09
Last Modified:	16 Jul 2019 10:11
URI:	https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/24893

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